我想,大家最近一定都會很感嘆「民主素養」的重要。話說素養這個字,大部分的英文都是使用「literacy」。Literacy的意思就是「the ability to read and write」,翻成中文,就是閱讀和寫作的能力。看起來好像很簡單,但是「素養」一向在哲學、倫理學、政治學、社會學這些殿堂上都是個大學問。也就是說,不是光只要能寫,能讀就可以有素養了。而必須去深層地審視你讀了什麼?咀嚼了什麼?思考了什麼?寫下了什麼?

當然,哲學大師可以問的更深入,檢視的更詳細,思考的更審慎。不過,基本一個國家的基礎教育理論上也是要培養國民雖然沒有辦法有大師那種道行,也要可以拿著SOP,方便好辦事的時候,至少知道自己在做些什麼。

不過,最近,新聞上看見的倒是讓我瞠目結舌。我那些大學學長姐們,年紀一大把,官高權重,但是似乎是high翻天,上雲霄了,離這些基礎、基本的道理愈來愈遠。(歡迎對號入座囉!)

重點是台灣社會其實普遍民主素養還有待加強。不然某些人誇張的行徑應該不會受到讚嘆或是驚奇,而是直接會被拿來檢視之後深深唾棄。而唾棄的重點則應當是在於這種沒有素養(幾乎等於沒有家教)的行徑應當(套句布魯斯的線上遊戲練功術語)「砍掉重練」!

相信熟讀世界哲學、倫理學、政治學、社會學思想的人一定都多多少少有耳聞過大師Hook(不是虎克船長喔!而是Sidney Hook。)的歸納結論。雖然這樣引用其實非常地「斷章取義」,但是我相信他當年所列出來的十項原則,在於我們思考、檢視、審思所謂自己和別人的「民主素養」的時候是十分有用的!(就拿來當SOP也是不錯的啦!)

原典是Hook大師1954年的大作《The Ethnics of Controversy》。十項原則,我就不英翻中了。(反正網路那麼發達,通常瀏覽器都提供鼠標滑過,中文字義就直接出現的功能!不然也可以直接連結電子字典查明字義。最糟、最糟,也就是動手查字典而已嘛!也是項不錯的休閒運動啦!)

1.    Nothing and no one is immune from criticism.
2.    Everyone involved in a controversy has an intellectual responsibility to inform himself of the available facts.
3.    Criticism should be directed first to policies, and against persons only when they are responsible for policies, and against their motives or purposes only when there is some independent evidence of their character.
4.    Because certain words are legally permissible, they are not therefore morally permissible.
5.    Before impugning an opponent’s motives, even when they legitimately may be impugned, answer his arguments.
6.    Do not treat an opponent of a policy as if he were therefore a personal enemy of the country or a concealed enemy of democracy.
7.    Since a good cause may be defended by bad arguments, after answering the bad arguments for another’s position present positive evidence for your own.
8.    Do not hesitate to admit lack of knowledge or to suspend judgment if evidence is not decisive either way.
9.    Only in pure logic and mathematics, not in human affairs, can one demonstrate that something is strictly impossible. Because something is logically possible, it is not therefore probable. "It is not impossible" is a preface to an irrelevant statement about human affairs. The question is always one of the balance of probabilities. And the evidence for probabilities must include more than abstract possibilities.
10.    The cardinal sin, when we are looking for truth of fact or wisdom of policy, is refusal to discuss, or action which blocks discussion. (Hook 1954, 122)

那一條最重要?都很重要!當別人被批評為不夠民主的時候,我們要知道那個人是「怎樣」個不夠民主法,而要「怎樣」才算是民主。當要投票選舉的時候,對於候選人也應當要拿出這樣的規範來檢驗,哪些人是「譁眾取寵」在挑挑揀揀那些對於自己有利的論點而並沒有拿一個一貫的邏輯出來好好把自己的政見解釋清楚。

我覺得當台灣的教育體制在崩解,學校不教,家長不會的時候,也就是只好靠知識分子來好好宣傳了。不然,要嘛大家就閉上嘴,一起跟著台灣沈淪;要嘛,大家多少出點力,好好把自己身邊的人先教育好。總是有要有第一步,台灣社會才有向上提升的可能呀!(不然大家都在瞎什麼?)
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